PENSAMIENTO LOGICO Y MATEMATICO

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ANEXO 1 – Ejercicios a resolver Tarea 1 Apreciado Estudiante A continuaciรณn, se presentan los ejercicios asignados para el desarrollo de Tarea 1 – Mรฉtodos para probar la validez de argumentos. Debe seleccionar un grupo de ejercicios A, B, C, D, o, E y enunciarlo en el Foro de discusiรณn - Unidad 1 - Tarea 1 – Mรฉtodos para probar la validez de argumentos, ningรบn miembro del grupo podrรก escoger la misma asignaciรณn. Usted debe diligenciar la siguiente tabla en el foro (copie y pegue desde aquรญ), si ya sus compaรฑeros hicieron elecciones con anterioridad, debe registrarlos en cada letra.

Ejercicio 1: Proposiciones y tablas de verdad Descripciรณn del ejercicio: A continuaciรณn, encontrarรก las proposiciones simples y el lenguaje simbรณlico para el desarrollo del ejercicio 1:

A. p: El estudio constante es clave para el รฉxito acadรฉmico. q: La disciplina en el estudio refuerza el aprendizaje. r: El apoyo familiar motiva el esfuerzo del estudiante. p → (q ∧ r)

B. p: La educaciรณn en valores construye una mejor sociedad. q: El respeto por la diferencia promueve la paz. r: La empatรญa nos hace mejores personas. (p → q) ∧ r

C. r: Reducir el uso de plรกsticos disminuye la contaminaciรณn. s: Reciclar ayuda a conservar el medio ambiente. t: Cuidar el planeta es responsabilidad de todos. (r ∨ t) → s

D. r: Mejorar la calidad de vida requiere un trabajo mancomunado. s: Erradicar la pobreza es un reto pendiente de la humanidad. t: Una sociedad justa ofrece oportunidades para todos. (r ∧ s) → t

E. r: La innovaciรณn aporta soluciones creativas. s: El pensamiento crรญtico nos hace mรกs competitivos. t: El conocimiento nos empodera como sociedad. (s ∧ t) → r

A partir del argumento que haya seleccionado deberรก dar respuesta a los siguientes รญtems: ➢ Escribir la proposiciรณn compuesta del lenguaje simbรณlico en un lenguaje natural. ➢ Generar una tabla de verdad manualmente a partir del lenguaje simbรณlico y determinar si el resultado es una tautologรญa, contingencia o contradicciรณn. ➢ Generar la tabla de verdad a travรฉs del simulador Lรณgica UNAD. El paso a paso para el uso del simulador lo podrรก encontrar en el Anexo 2 – Guรญa para el desarrollo de la tarea 1 (ejercicios ejemplo), ubicado en el entorno de aprendizaje en la carpeta Guรญa de actividades y rรบbrica de evaluaciรณn - Unidad 1- Tarea 1 - Mรฉtodos para probar la validez de argumentos. ➢ Realizar un vรญdeo de 5 minutos mรกximo, tenga en cuenta las siguientes recomendaciones: 1. El estudiante hace su presentaciรณn personal bรกsica en inglรฉs (Nombre, edad, ciudad donde vive y programa en donde que estรก matriculado) y explica de forma detallada cรณmo realizรณ el ejercicio 1 de su letra escogida (en espaรฑol). 2. El estudiante debe aparecer en la grabaciรณn de frente y sin ningรบn filtro. Luego explica en pantalla compartida cรณmo realizรณ el ejercicio. 3. Para la realizaciรณn del vรญdeo puede usar la cรกmara de un celular, la cรกmara de una computadora u otra alternativa que se le facilite. Tambiรฉn podrรก usar la herramienta TEAMS para la realizaciรณn de la grabaciรณn. Deberรก subir el vรญdeo a una plataforma de vรญdeos (por ejemplo: YouTube, Loom, OBS, Clipchamp, Screencast, etc) y compartir el enlace sin restricciรณn al tutor asignado (puede configurar en modo oculto si es de su elecciรณn)

Ejercicio 2: Aplicaciรณn de la lรณgica fundamental Descripciรณn del ejercicio: A continuaciรณn, encontrarรก los argumentos para el desarrollo del ejercicio 2:

A. Si “me alimento saludablemente” o “hago ejercicio con regularidad”, entonces “tendrรฉ mejor calidad de vida”. “No me alimento saludablemente”. Por lo tanto, “no hago ejercicio con regularidad” o “no tendrรฉ mejor calidad de vida”.

B. Si “estudio disciplinadamente”, entonces “aprobarรฉ el curso”. Y, si “el profesor explica bien”, entonces “aprobarรฉ el curso”. Por lo tanto, si “estudio disciplinadamente” o si “el profesor explica bien”, entonces “aprobarรฉ el curso”.

C.“Los estudiantes leyeron el material” o “realizaron la actividad prรกctica” si y solo si “rindieron bien en el examen”. “Los estudiantes no leyeron el material”. Por lo tanto, “los estudiantes realizaron la actividad prรกctica” y “rindieron bien en el examen”.

D. Si “hay inversiรณn en educaciรณn”, entonces “mejorarรก la competitividad”. Si “hay acceso a nuevas tecnologรญas”, entonces “mejorarรก la competitividad”. Por lo tanto, “si hay inversiรณn en educaciรณn” y “acceso a nuevas tecnologรญas”, entonces “mejorarรก la competitividad".

E. “La empresa tendrรก รฉxito” si y solo si “la empresa contrata personal calificado” o “invierte en innovaciรณn tecnolรณgica”. “La empresa no contratรณ personal calificado”. Por lo tanto, “la empresa no tendrรก รฉxito".

A partir del argumento deberรก dar respuesta a los siguientes รญtems: ➢ Definir cuรกles son las proposiciones simples que intervienen en el argumento. ➢ Identificar los conectores que intervienen en el argumento. ➢ Construir el lenguaje simbรณlico correspondiente al argumento. ➢ Determinar si el argumento es una tautologรญa, contradicciรณn o contingencia a travรฉs del simulador de tablas de verdad de la UNAD. (Ver Anexo 2 – Guรญa para el desarrollo de la tarea 1 (ejercicios ejemplo).

Ejercicio 3: Demostraciรณn de un argumento usando las reglas de la inferencia lรณgica Descripciรณn del ejercicio: A continuaciรณn, encontrarรก un argumento para el desarrollo del ejercicio 3, usted deberรก identificar e indicar las leyes de inferencia y las premisas utilizadas en cada uno de los pasos para la demostraciรณn del argumento. 

A. Expresiรณn simbรณlica [(~๐‘ → ๐‘ž) ∧ ~๐‘ž] → ๐‘ P1: P2: Conclusiรณn: Ley utilizada: B. Expresiรณn simbรณlica [(~๐‘ → ๐‘ž) ∧ (๐‘ž → ∼ ๐‘Ÿ)] → (~๐‘ → ∼ ๐‘Ÿ) P1: P2: Conclusiรณn: Ley utilizada: C. Expresiรณn simbรณlica [๐‘ ∧ ∼ ๐‘ž] → ∼ ๐‘ž P1: Conclusiรณn: Ley utilizada: D. Expresiรณn simbรณlica [(๐‘ ∨ ๐‘ž) ∧ ∼ ๐‘] → ๐‘ž P1: P2: Conclusiรณn: Ley utilizada: E. Expresiรณn simbรณlica [(๐‘ → ~๐‘ž) ∧ ๐‘] → ~๐‘ž P1: P2: Conclusiรณn: Ley utilizada: A partir del argumento en lenguaje simbรณlico deberรก dar respuesta a los siguientes รญtems: ➢ Deducir las premisas (P1, P2) y la conclusiรณn. ➢ Defina la ley de inferencia que representa el lenguaje simbรณlico dado.

Ejercicio 4: Problemas de aplicaciรณn Descripciรณn del ejercicio: A continuaciรณn, encontrarรก la expresiรณn simbรณlica, las premisas y la conclusiรณn de un argumento para el desarrollo del ejercicio 4: A.Expresiรณn simbรณlica: [(๐’‘ → ๐’’) ∧ (๐’‘ ∧ ๐’“) ∧ (๐’’ → ๐’“)] → ๐’“ Demostraciรณn P1: ๐‘ → ๐‘ž P2: ๐‘ ∧ ๐‘Ÿ Premisas dadas P3: ๐‘ž → ๐‘Ÿ Premisas Ley aplicada Premisas usadas P4: ๐‘ → ๐‘Ÿ SILOGISMO HIPOTร‰TICO (SH) P5: ๐‘ P2 P6: ๐’“ P4, P5 B. Expresiรณn simbรณlica: [(๐’‘ → ๐’’) ∧ (~๐’’) ∧ (๐’‘ ∧ ๐’“)] → (~๐’‘ ∧ ๐’“) Demostraciรณn P1: ๐‘ → ๐‘ž P2: ~๐‘ž Premisas dadas P3: ๐‘ ∧ ๐‘Ÿ Premisas Ley aplicada Premisas usadas P4: ~๐‘ P1, P2 P5: ๐‘Ÿ SIMPLIFICACIร“N (S) P6: ~๐’‘ ∧ ๐’“ P4, P5 C.Expresiรณn simbรณlica: [(๐‘ ∧ ๐‘Ÿ) ∧ (๐‘Ÿ → ๐‘ž) ∧ (~๐‘)] → (๐‘Ÿ ∧ ๐‘ž) Demostraciรณn P1: ๐‘ ∧ ๐‘Ÿ P2: ๐‘Ÿ → ๐‘ž Premisas dadas P3: ~๐‘ Premisas Ley aplicada Premisas usadas P4: ๐‘Ÿ P1 P5: ๐‘ž MODUS PONENDO PONENS P6: ๐’“ ∧ ๐’’ ADJUNCIร“N (A) D. Expresiรณn simbรณlica: [(๐‘ → ๐‘Ÿ) ∧ (๐‘Ÿ → ๐‘ž) ∧ (~๐‘ž)] → (~๐‘ ∧ ~๐‘ž) Demostraciรณn P1: ๐‘ → ๐‘Ÿ P2: ๐‘Ÿ → ๐‘ž Premisas dadas P3: ~๐‘ž Premisas Ley aplicada Premisas usadas P4:๐‘ → ๐‘ž P1,P2 P5: ~๐‘ MODUS TOLLENDO TOLLENS (MTT) P6: ~๐’‘ ∧ ~๐’’ P3, P5 E. Expresiรณn simbรณlica: [(๐‘ ∨ ๐‘ž) ∧ (๐‘ → ๐‘Ÿ) ∧ (~๐‘Ÿ)] → (~๐‘ ∧ ๐‘ž) Demostraciรณn P1: ๐‘ ∨ ๐‘ž P2: ๐‘ → ๐‘Ÿ Premisas dadas P3: ~๐‘Ÿ Premisas Ley aplicada Premisas usadas P4: ~๐‘ P2, P3 P5: ๐‘ž MODUS TOLLENDO PONENS (MTP) P6: ~๐‘ ∧ ๐‘ž P4, P5 A partir de la expresiรณn simbรณlica seleccionada, el estudiante deberรก: ➢ Definir las proposiciones simples, tendrรก la libertad de definirlas bajo una descripciรณn basada en un contexto acadรฉmico o social. Las proposiciones simples deben contener 1. Sujeto, 2. Verbo y 3. Predicado. Ejemplo: • p: Patricia estรก matriculada en Psicologรญa en la UNAD • q: La UNAD forma profesionales idรณneos en todos sus programas. • r: El mayor problema en mi comunidad es la falta de agua potable. ➢ Remplazar las variables expresadas simbรณlicamente y llevarlas al lenguaje natural. Las proposiciones simples deben ser de autorรญa de cada estudiante, por lo que de encontrar proposiciones iguales entre estudiantes se considerara como copia y se tomaran las medidas correctivas estipuladas por la UNAD (Rubrica). ➢ Complete la tabla de demostraciรณn de la validez del argumento mediante leyes de inferencia lรณgica. (Un argumento serรก vรกlido cuando su valor de verdad es una tautologรญa) 
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INGLES B1+

๐Ÿ“Œ Desarrollamos tus trabajos universitarios, cuestionarios, cursos completos . Tambiรฉn manejamos los diplomados completamente, revisamos APA, informes de prรกctica profesional. ๐Ÿ“

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Pregunta 1

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Complete the conversation:

Person A: "I'm feeling tired. ________ a cup of coffee?"

Person B: "That sounds like a good idea."

a.

Do you like

b.

Would you like

c.

Will you like

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Pregunta 2

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Complete the statement:

I haven't seen Mary ________ she moved to a different city.

a.

for

b.

since

c.

until

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Pregunta 3

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Which word means "a brief rest or break from activity"?

 

a.

Proceed

b.

Accelerate

c.

Pause

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Pregunta 4

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Read the following text and answer the question:

In recent years, the popularity of e-books has been on the rise. E-books, or electronic books, are digital versions of printed books that can be read on devices such as e-readers, tablets, and smartphones. They offer several advantages over traditional printed books, including portability, convenience, and accessibility.

One of the main benefits of e-books is their portability. With e-readers or e-book apps installed on mobile devices, readers can carry an entire library in their pockets. This means they can have access to a wide range of books wherever they go, without the need to carry bulky physical books.

E-books also provide convenience through features like adjustable font sizes, bookmarking, and search capabilities. Readers can customize their reading experience to suit their preferences and easily navigate through the content. Additionally, e-books can be purchased and downloaded instantly, eliminating the need to visit physical bookstores or wait for deliveries.

Another advantage of e-books is their accessibility. They can be easily obtained and read by people with visual impairments or reading difficulties through specialized e-book formats that support features like text-to-speech and screen readers. This opens up opportunities for a wider range of readers to enjoy literature and educational materials.

However, while e-books offer numerous benefits, some readers still prefer the experience of reading printed books. They enjoy the tactile sensation of flipping pages, the smell of ink and paper, and the aesthetic value of physical books. There is a sense of connection and nostalgia associated with the traditional reading experience that e-books cannot replicate.

Ultimately, whether one chooses e-books or printed books, the joy of reading and the pursuit of knowledge remain at the core. The availability of different formats allows readers to choose what suits them best and continue to explore the vast world of literature.

 

What makes e-books accessible to people with visual impairments?

a.

Specialized e-book formats that support text-to-speech and screen readers

b.

The elimination of the need for deliveries.

c.

The availability of different formats.

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Pregunta 5

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Complete the conversation:

Person A: "I can't find my keys. ________ them anywhere."

Person B: "Have you checked your bag?"

a.

I haven't found

b.

I won't find

c.

I didn't find

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Pregunta 6

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Read the following text and answer the question below:

 

In recent years, the popularity of e-books has been on the rise. E-books, or electronic books, are digital versions of printed books that can be read on devices such as e-readers, tablets, and smartphones. They offer several advantages over traditional printed books, including portability, convenience, and accessibility.

One of the main benefits of e-books is their portability. With e-readers or e-book apps installed on mobile devices, readers can carry an entire library in their pockets. This means they can have access to a wide range of books wherever they go, without the need to carry bulky physical books.

E-books also provide convenience through features like adjustable font sizes, bookmarking, and search capabilities. Readers can customize their reading experience to suit their preferences and easily navigate through the content. Additionally, e-books can be purchased and downloaded instantly, eliminating the need to visit physical bookstores or wait for deliveries.

Another advantage of e-books is their accessibility. They can be easily obtained and read by people with visual impairments or reading difficulties through specialized e-book formats that support features like text-to-speech and screen readers. This opens up opportunities for a wider range of readers to enjoy literature and educational materials.

However, while e-books offer numerous benefits, some readers still prefer the experience of reading printed books. They enjoy the tactile sensation of flipping pages, the smell of ink and paper, and the aesthetic value of physical books. There is a sense of connection and nostalgia associated with the traditional reading experience that e-books cannot replicate.

Ultimately, whether one chooses e-books or printed books, the joy of reading and the pursuit of knowledge remain at the core. The availability of different formats allows readers to choose what suits them best and continue to explore the vast world of literature.

 

How do e-books provide convenience to readers?

a.

By offering adjustable font sizes and search capabilities

b.

By requiring visits to physical bookstores.

c.

By providing a sense of connection and nostalgia.

Retroalimentaciรณn

Pregunta 7

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Complete the conversation:

Person A: "I'm planning a trip to London next month. ________ any recommendations?"

Person B: "You should visit the British Museum and take a ride on the London Eye."

a.

Are you having

b.

Do you have

c.

Have you got

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Pregunta 8

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Read the following text and answer the question:

Technology plays a significant role in our daily lives, shaping the way we communicate, work, and access information. One of the most notable advancements in recent years is the rise of smartphones. These pocket-sized devices have become an integral part of our lives, providing us with a wide range of functions and conveniences.

Smartphones offer more than just the ability to make phone calls. With internet connectivity and various apps, they serve as powerful tools for communication and entertainment. Social media platforms allow us to connect with friends and family, share updates, and stay informed about current events. Messaging apps provide instant communication, eliminating the need for traditional SMS messages.

Furthermore, smartphones have transformed the way we consume media. We can access news articles, stream videos and music, and read e-books, all from the palm of our hand. The convenience and portability of smartphones have made them a popular choice for entertainment on the go.

Smartphones have also facilitated productivity and organization. With productivity apps, we can manage our schedules, set reminders, and collaborate with others on projects. Email apps allow us to stay connected and respond to important messages even when we're away from our computers.

However, it's important to strike a balance in our smartphone usage. Excessive screen time and dependency on smartphones can have negative effects on our mental health and interpersonal relationships. It's essential to set boundaries and allocate time for activities that don't involve screens.

 

How have smartphones impacted communication?

a.

By providing instant communication and social media platforms

b.

By reducing the need for traditional SMS messages.

c.

By eliminating the need for internet connectivity.

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Pregunta 9

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Read the following text and answer the question:

Technology plays a significant role in our daily lives, shaping the way we communicate, work, and access information. One of the most notable advancements in recent years is the rise of smartphones. These pocket-sized devices have become an integral part of our lives, providing us with a wide range of functions and conveniences.

Smartphones offer more than just the ability to make phone calls. With internet connectivity and various apps, they serve as powerful tools for communication and entertainment. Social media platforms allow us to connect with friends and family, share updates, and stay informed about current events. Messaging apps provide instant communication, eliminating the need for traditional SMS messages.

Furthermore, smartphones have transformed the way we consume media. We can access news articles, stream videos and music, and read e-books, all from the palm of our hand. The convenience and portability of smartphones have made them a popular choice for entertainment on the go.

Smartphones have also facilitated productivity and organization. With productivity apps, we can manage our schedules, set reminders, and collaborate with others on projects. Email apps allow us to stay connected and respond to important messages even when we're away from our computers.

However, it's important to strike a balance in our smartphone usage. Excessive screen time and dependency on smartphones can have negative effects on our mental health and interpersonal relationships. It's essential to set boundaries and allocate time for activities that don't involve screens.

 

What is one of the functions of smartphones mentioned in the text?

a.

Making phone calls and sending SMS messages.

b.

Streaming videos and music, accessing news articles, and reading e-books

c.

Managing schedules and setting reminders.

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Pregunta 10

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Read the text and answer the question:

The job market can be competitive, but with the right approach, you can increase your chances of securing a good job. Here are some tips to help you navigate the world of employment:

  1. Build a strong professional network: Networking is crucial in today's job market. Attend industry events, join professional organizations, and connect with people in your desired field. Networking can lead to valuable connections and potential job opportunities.

  2. Polish your resume and cover letter: Your resume and cover letter are your first impression on potential employers. Ensure they are well-written, tailored to each job application, and highlight your relevant skills and experiences. Proofread for any errors or typos.

  3. Prepare for interviews: Interviews are your chance to showcase your abilities and personality. Research the company, anticipate interview questions, and practice your responses. Prepare examples that demonstrate your skills and accomplishments.

  4. Continuously update your skills: The job market is constantly evolving, and employers value candidates with up-to-date skills. Take courses, attend workshops, or pursue certifications to enhance your skillset and stay competitive.

  5. Be proactive in your job search: Don't wait for job openings to come to you. Actively search for job opportunities through online job boards, company websites, and networking contacts. Tailor your applications to each position and follow up when necessary.

  6. Show enthusiasm and professionalism: Employers appreciate candidates who are passionate about their work. Demonstrate your enthusiasm for the job during interviews and maintain professionalism in all interactions.

  7. Adaptability is key: The workplace is dynamic, and employers value employees who can adapt to change. Showcase your ability to be flexible, open-minded, and willing to learn new things.

 

What should you do to prepare for interviews?

a.

Research the company and practice your responses

b.

Apply to as many jobs as possible.

c.

Focus solely on your academic qualifications.

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Pregunta 11

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Read the following text and answer the question:

Technology plays a significant role in our daily lives, shaping the way we communicate, work, and access information. One of the most notable advancements in recent years is the rise of smartphones. These pocket-sized devices have become an integral part of our lives, providing us with a wide range of functions and conveniences.

Smartphones offer more than just the ability to make phone calls. With internet connectivity and various apps, they serve as powerful tools for communication and entertainment. Social media platforms allow us to connect with friends and family, share updates, and stay informed about current events. Messaging apps provide instant communication, eliminating the need for traditional SMS messages.

Furthermore, smartphones have transformed the way we consume media. We can access news articles, stream videos and music, and read e-books, all from the palm of our hand. The convenience and portability of smartphones have made them a popular choice for entertainment on the go.

Smartphones have also facilitated productivity and organization. With productivity apps, we can manage our schedules, set reminders, and collaborate with others on projects. Email apps allow us to stay connected and respond to important messages even when we're away from our computers.

However, it's important to strike a balance in our smartphone usage. Excessive screen time and dependency on smartphones can have negative effects on our mental health and interpersonal relationships. It's essential to set boundaries and allocate time for activities that don't involve screens.

 

What is one potential drawback of excessive smartphone usage?

a.

Negative effects on mental health and interpersonal relationships

b.

Enhanced productivity and organization.

c.

Improved mental health and interpersonal relationships.

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Pregunta 12

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Read the following text and answer the question:

The rise of social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have become integral parts of our daily lives. They allow us to share our thoughts, experiences, and photos instantly. However, the excessive use of social media has raised concerns about its impact on mental health. Studies have shown a correlation between excessive social media use and feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and low self-esteem. It is important to use social media mindfully and strike a balance between online and offline interactions.

 

What has revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others?

a.

Email

b.

Social media

c.

Postal mail

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Pregunta 13

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Which word means "the feeling of being grateful or thankful"?

a.

Frustration

b.

Appreciation

c.

Disappointment

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Pregunta 14

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Complete the statement:

I wish I ________ more time to travel the world.

a.

will have

b.

have

c.

had

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Pregunta 15

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Read the following text and answer the question:

The ancient city of Machu Picchu, nestled high in the Peruvian Andes, is one of the most remarkable archaeological sites in the world. Built by the Incas around the 15th century, this breathtaking citadel remained hidden from the world until its rediscovery in 1911. Machu Picchu is known for its exceptional architectural design, impressive terraces, and mystical ambiance.

The purpose of Machu Picchu remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. Some believe it served as a sacred site for religious ceremonies, while others suggest it was a retreat for Inca rulers. Regardless of its original purpose, Machu Picchu stands as a testament to the ingenuity and advanced engineering skills of the Inca civilization.

To reach Machu Picchu, visitors can embark on the famous Inca Trail, a multi-day trek through the Andes that offers stunning views and a sense of adventure. Alternatively, one can take a scenic train ride from the nearby town of Ollantaytambo to Aguas Calientes, the gateway to Machu Picchu.

Exploring Machu Picchu requires a permit, and it is important to plan ahead due to limited daily visitor numbers. Once inside the site, visitors can wander through ancient buildings, admire the intricate stonework, and take in the panoramic views of the surrounding mountains.

Machu Picchu has become a symbol of Peruvian pride and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its awe-inspiring beauty and historical significance continue to captivate travelers from around the globe.

 

What is the purpose of Machu Picchu?

a.

A retreat for Inca rulers.

b.

A commercial center for trade.

c.

It remains uncertain.

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